1. Retailers often complain that they are "forced" to accept card transactions that increase their net costs. To understand this "must-take card" argument, one must distinguish between ex post and ex ante considerations. Once the customer has decided to buy from the retailer;Journal of European Economic Association,2011
2. supra note 18, finding that platform-imposed restrictions of surcharging may be efficient and identifying a novel and independent channel for must-take cards, that is the merchant's concern about missed sales;Gomes Bourguignon;Quarterly Journal of Economics,2018