1. obtained from the Jackson Laboratory. Heterozygous male 5xFAD mice and B6/SJL female wild type (WT) mice were hybridized and their male offspring were used in this experiment. Mice were raised under a 12-hour light/dark cycle at 20-25�C and 45-55% humidity with free access to food and water;Oakley;Mice were genotyped by PCR with following primers: APP; 5'-AGG ACT GAC CAC TCG ACC AG-3' and 5,2006
2. 100 unit/ml penicillin and 100 ?g/ml streptomycin. Cells were maintained at 37�C and 5% CO 2 in a humidified incubator and routinely tested for mycoplasma using MycoAlert mycoplasma detection kit;Cell culture and transfection Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (ATCC, US) were cultured in DMEM (Gibco, US) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum
3. ?-amyloid peptides induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in astrocytes and death of neurons through activation of NADPH oxidase;A Y Abramov;Journal of Neuroscience,2004