1. Incomplete pass-through also happens for retail sales taxes, which may be absorbed by retailers, distributors, and manufacturers. As long as markets are sufficiently competitive, excise taxes and sales taxes of comparable magnitude should have similar effects on the after-tax price consumers pay. If markets are not competitive, pass-through may differ (see Marron, Gearing, and Iselin 2015 and references therein). Sales taxes and excise taxes may also differ in their salience to consumers;Previous studies have documented cases of incomplete pass-through of excise taxes,2015