1. Postoperative Ileus: A Review
2. Goldstein JL, Matuszewski KA, Delaney CP, et al. Inpatient economic burden of postoperative ileus associated with abdominal surgery in the United States. P AND T 2007;32:82.
3. Mechanisms of postoperative ileus
4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and spinal afferents partly mediate postoperative colonic ileus in the rat
5. Cicalese L, Rastellini C, Rao AS, Stanko RT. Pyruvate prevents mucosal reperfusion injury, oxygen free-radical production, and neutrophil infiltration after rat small bowel preservation and transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996;28:2611.