Escaping from multiple visual threats: modulation of escape responses in Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus)

Author:

Kimura Hibiki1ORCID,Pfalzgraff Tilo2ORCID,Levet Marie3,Kawabata Yuuki1,Steffensen John F.4,Johansen Jacob L.5,Domenici Paolo67

Affiliation:

1. Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan

2. Technical University of Denmark, DTU AQUA, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, 9850 Hirtshals, Denmark

3. Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC, Canada, H2V 0B3

4. Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark

5. Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA

6. CNR-IBF, Institute of Biophysics, 56124 Pisa, Italy

7. CNR-IAS, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, 09072 Torregrande (Oristano), Italy

Abstract

ABSTRACT Fish perform rapid escape responses to avoid sudden predatory attacks. During escape responses, fish bend their bodies into a C-shape and quickly turn away from the predator and accelerate. The escape trajectory is determined by the initial turn (stage 1) and a contralateral bend (stage 2). Previous studies have used a single threat or model predator as a stimulus. In nature, however, multiple predators may attack from different directions simultaneously or in close succession. It is unknown whether fish are able to change the course of their escape response when startled by multiple stimuli at various time intervals. Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus) were startled with a left and right visual stimulus in close succession. By varying the timing of the second stimulus, we were able to determine when and how a second stimulus could affect the escape response direction. Four treatments were used: a single visual stimulus (control); or two stimuli coming from opposite sides separated by a 0 ms (simultaneous treatment), 33 ms or 83 ms time interval. The 33 ms and 83 ms time intervals were chosen to occur either side of a predicted 60 ms visual escape latency (i.e. during stage 1). The 0 ms and 33 ms treatments influenced both the escape trajectory and the stage 1 turning angle, compared with a single stimulation, whereas the 83 ms treatment had no effect on the escape trajectory. We conclude that Pacific staghorn sculpin can modulate their escape trajectory only between stimulation and the onset of the response, but the escape trajectory cannot be modulated after the body motion has started.

Funder

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Japan/U.S.–E.S. Morse Scholar Exchange Program

University of Washington

Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies

Publisher

The Company of Biologists

Subject

Insect Science,Molecular Biology,Animal Science and Zoology,Aquatic Science,Physiology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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