Formation of a large Vasa-positive germ granule and its inheritance by germ cells in the enigmatic Chaetognaths

Abstract

Chaetognaths (arrow worms) are abundant hermaphrodite marine organisms whose phylogenetic position amongst protostomes and deuterostomes is still debated. Ancient histological observations dating from a century ago described the presence in eggs of a large granule, presumed to be a germ plasm, and its probable inheritance in four primary germ cells (PGCs). Using videomicroscopy, electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry (labelling with anti-Vasa antibodies) we have followed the cycle of aggregation and dispersion of germ plasm and nuage material in eggs, embryos, PGCs and oocytes in several species of benthic (Spadella) and planctonic (Sagitta) chaetognaths. In these animals, germ cells and gametes can be observed in vivo throughout the 1-2 month life cycle.After describing internal fertilization in live animals we show that the single large (15 μm diameter) germ granule forms by a spiralling aggregation movement of small germ islands situated in the vegetal cortex at the time of first mitosis. We also demonstrate that the granule forms autonomously in unfertilized activated eggs or fertilized egg fragments. Once formed, the germ granule first associates with the cleavage furrow and is segregated into one of the first two blastomeres. The germ granule is then translocated from the cortex to the mitotic spindle during 3rd cleavage and remains in the single most-vegetal blastomere until the 32-cell stage. At the 64-cell stage the germ granule is partitioned as nuage material into two founder PGCs and further partitioned into four PGCs situated at the tip of the archenteron during gastrulation. These four PGCs migrate without dividing to reach the transverse septum, then proliferate and differentiate into oocytes and spermatocytes of two ovaries and two testes. We noted that germ plasm and nuage material were associated with mitochondria, the nucleus, the spindle and the centrosome during some stages of development and differentiation of the germ line. Finally, we demonstrate that a Vasa-like protein is present in the germ granule, in PGCs and in the electron-dense material associated with the germinal vesicle of oocytes. These features stress the conservation of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in germ cell determination.Movies available on-line