Hydrozoan sperm-specific SPKK motif-containing histone H2B variants stabilise chromatin with limited compaction

Abstract

ABSTRACT Many animals achieve sperm chromatin compaction and stabilisation by replacing canonical histones with sperm nuclear basic proteins (SNBPs) such as protamines during spermatogenesis. Hydrozoan cnidarians and echinoid sea urchins lack protamines and have evolved a distinctive family of sperm-specific histone H2Bs (spH2Bs) with extended N termini rich in SPK(K/R) motifs. Echinoid sperm packaging is regulated by spH2Bs. Their sperm is negatively buoyant and fertilises on the sea floor. Hydroid cnidarians undertake broadcast spawning but their sperm properties are poorly characterised. We show that Hydractinia echinata and H. symbiolongicarpus sperm chromatin possesses higher stability than somatic chromatin, with reduced accessibility to transposase Tn5 integration and to endonucleases in vitro. In contrast, nuclear dimensions are only moderately reduced in mature Hydractinia sperm. Ectopic expression of spH2B in the background of H2B.1 knockdown results in downregulation of global transcription and cell cycle arrest in embryos, without altering their nuclear density. Taken together, SPKK-containing spH2B variants act to stabilise chromatin and silence transcription in Hydractinia sperm with only limited chromatin compaction. We suggest that spH2Bs could contribute to sperm buoyancy as a reproductive adaptation.