Assembly into chromatin and subtype-specific transcriptional effects of exogenous linker histones directly introduced into a living Physarum cell

Abstract

The apparent diversity of linker histone subtypes may be related to their specific roles in defining functional states of chromatin in vivo. We have developed a novel method to study constitutive peptides throughout the cell cycle and have demonstrated that an exogenous linker histone could be introduced into a living cell of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Here, we have used this method to assess the functional differences between three somatic linker histone subtypes in vivo, and to demonstrate the general applicability of this method. Exogenous linker histone proteins H1 degrees, H5 and H1 were directly absorbed into living cell segments of the naturally synchronous Physarum macroplasmodia at precise cell cycle stages. Fluorescence microscopy, native nucleoprotein gels and immunoblotting of nuclei and chromatin with subtype-specific antibodies revealed that exogenous linker histones were efficiently transported into nuclei and were integrated into chromatin. The immunoreactivity of a preparation of anti-H1 degrees antibodies that are blocked from binding to specific H1 degrees epitopes in native chromatin indicates that the exogenous linker histones were similarly associated into Physarum chromatin. Interestingly, linker histones were found to be less stably associated with Physarum chromatin during S-phase than during G(2)-phase. Furthermore, we show that exogenous linker histones incorporated in early G(2)-phase inhibited transcription and that the level of inhibition correlates with the apparent role of the linker histone subtype in regulating transcription in cells where it normally occurs.