Affiliation:
1. The University of Western Australia, Australia;
2. University of São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
Summary
A wide range of imaging and spectroscopy technologies is used in medical diagnostics, quality control in production systems, military applications, stress detection in agriculture, and in ecological studies of both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. The growing interest and use of imaging based research is mainly driven by technological improvements, reductions in equipment costs and improvements of classification methods. In this study, we hypothesize that reflectance profiling can be used to successfully classify animals that are otherwise very challenging to classify. This methodological approach is supported by extensive literature in species-specific variation in cuticular composition of hydrocarbons. We acquired hyperspectral images from adult specimens of the egg parasitoid genus, Trichogramma (T. galloi, T. pretiosum and T. atopovirilia), which are about 1.0 mm in length. We also acquired hyperspectral images from host eggs containing developing Trichogramma instars. These obligate egg endoparasitoids species are commercially available as natural enemies of lepidopteran pests in food production systems. Due to their minute size and physical resemblance, classification is both time-consuming and requires high level of technical experience. The classification of reflectance profiles was based on a combination of average reflectance and variogram parameters (describing the spatial structure of reflectance data) of reflectance values in individual spectral bands. Although variogram parameters (variogram analysis) are commonly used in large-scale spatial research (i.e. geoscience and landscape ecology), they have only recently been used in classification of high-resolution hyperspectral imaging data. The classification model of parasitized host eggs was equally successful for each of the three species and was successfully validated with independent data sets (>90% classification accuracy). The classification model of adult specimens accurately separated T. atopovirilia from the other two species, but specimens of T. galloi and T. pretiosum could not be accurately separated. Interestingly, molecular-based classification (using the DNA sequence of the internally transcribed spacer, ITS2) of Trichogramma species published elsewhere corroborate the classification, as T. galloi and T. pretiosum are closely related and comparatively distant from T. atopovirilia. Our results suggest that non-destructive acquisition of reflectance data from the external surface of animals may be of relevance to a wide range of commercial (i.e. producers of biocontrol agents), taxonomic, and evolutionary research applications.
Publisher
The Company of Biologists
Subject
Insect Science,Molecular Biology,Animal Science and Zoology,Aquatic Science,Physiology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
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