Variation in temperature tolerance among families of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is associated with hypoxia tolerance, ventricle size and myoglobin level

Author:

Anttila Katja1,Dhillon Rashpal S.1,Boulding Elizabeth G.2,Farrell Anthony P.13,Glebe Brian D.4,Elliott Jake A. K.5,Wolters William R.6,Schulte Patricia M.1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Zoology, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4

2. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1

3. Faculty of Land and Food Systems, 2357 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4

4. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Aquaculture Division, St Andrews Biological Station, 531 Brandy Cove Rd, St Andrews, NB, Canada, E5B 2L9

5. Kelly Cove Salmon (KCS), Division Cooke Aquaculture, 874 Main Street, Blacks Harbour, NB, Canada, E5H 1E6

6. National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, 25 Salmon Farm Road, Franklin, ME 04634, USA

Abstract

SUMMARY In fishes, performance failure at high temperature is thought to be due to a limitation on oxygen delivery (the theory of oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance, OCLTT), which suggests that thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance might be functionally associated. Here we examined variation in temperature and hypoxia tolerance among 41 families of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which allowed us to evaluate the association between these two traits. Both temperature and hypoxia tolerance varied significantly among families and there was a significant positive correlation between critical maximum temperature (CTmax) and hypoxia tolerance, supporting the OCLTT concept. At the organ and cellular levels, we also discovered support for the OCLTT concept as relative ventricle mass (RVM) and cardiac myoglobin (Mb) levels both correlated positively with CTmax (R2=0.21, P<0.001 and R2=0.17, P=0.003, respectively). A large RVM has previously been shown to be associated with high cardiac output, which might facilitate tissue oxygen supply during elevated oxygen demand at high temperatures, while Mb facilitates the oxygen transfer from the blood to tissues, especially during hypoxia. The data presented here demonstrate for the first time that RVM and Mb are correlated with increased upper temperature tolerance in fish. High phenotypic variation between families and greater similarity among full- and half-siblings suggests that there is substantial standing genetic variation in thermal and hypoxia tolerance, which could respond to selection either in aquaculture or in response to anthropogenic stressors such as global climate change.

Publisher

The Company of Biologists

Subject

Insect Science,Molecular Biology,Animal Science and Zoology,Aquatic Science,Physiology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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