Abstract
The evolution of ship computerization towards digital twinning (DT) has been gradual, having its roots in the 1970s, when the first automated navigation and control systems were developed. Over the course of the past decades, the increased automation of ship functions, coupled in ICT advances, paved for the development and analysis of highly realistic ship models. These models are now enhanced and supported by sensor technologies that provide real-time data from ships. This chapter explores the transformative potential of digital twin technology to create virtual replicas of ships, their systems and broader shipping processes. These digital twins empower decision-makers in various stages, including ship design and operational management, both onboard and ashore, regarding ship and fleet management as well as optimised integration in multimodal transport networks. Additionally, they facilitate optimized integration within multimodal transport networks. The chapter provides insights into current state-of-the-art (SOTA) solutions, recent advancements, and emerging approaches in the maritime industry. Furthermore, the chapter delves into the regulatory aspects associated with the adoption of digital twins in the shipping sector, shedding light on potential risks and limitations. To assist in understanding and implementing digital twins effectively, the chapter introduces a comprehensive shipping digital twining architecture and a capabilities model. These frameworks can accommodate diverse technologies, enabling different levels of ambition and customization in the realm of shipping digital twins.