Toxicity Analysis of Different Types of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Used in Biomedical Applications

Abstract

The study of biological interactions with two-dimensional nanomaterials provides the scientific foundation for identifying and managing development risks in both biomedical and non-biomedical technologies. The purpose of this chapter is to carry out an analysis of the toxicity of two-dimensional materials in biomedical applications or in other applications where they could have contact with biological entities. The toxicity of graphene, graphdiyne, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), graphitic phase C3N4, phosphorene (BP), exfoliated pnictogens (antimonene, arsenene, bismuthene), Xenes (borophene), and layered metal oxides (LMOs) are analyzed. The different mechanisms involved in the interactions were identified to propose solutions to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of their cytotoxicity. Future research topics that should be developed to ensure the safe use of two-dimensional nanomaterials in biomedical applications, before their use in commercial applications, are discussed.