Health Effects of Heavy Metals Contamination in Children

Abstract

Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements with a high atomic weight and a minimum density five times greater than that of water. Many heavy metals are known to be highly toxic and can be absorbed by humans through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, leading to various health issues. Children are particularly vulnerable to the health effects of heavy metal exposure compared to adults. The detrimental impact of these elements on children's health encompasses conditions such as intellectual disabilities, neurocognitive impairments, behavioural issues, respiratory ailments, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. Given their potent toxicity, extensive utilization, and widespread occurrence, heavy metals warrant significant attention. This review thus investigates the pathways of exposure and health ramifications associated with mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and barium (Ba) in children, elucidating their toxic effects. In addition, different treatment methods are being discussed.