Complexity Theory and Agencies

Abstract

Complex problems are characterized by uncertainty, complexity, exponentiality, divergent values, self-organization, emergence, interdependent processes, structures, and actors. To address such problems, a solution is to reflect real-life complexity using complex adaptive systems (CAS). Complexity theory emphasizes the benefits of CAS, which is attentive to the heterogeneity in the various subsystems, how parts at a sub-level in a complex system affect the emergent behaviour, and outcome of the system. The main aim of complexity theory is to explain counterintuitive order creation out of local simple rules, distant from the second law of thermodynamics that point at the increasing, irreversible entropy of the system and its surroundings. Public agencies can also be understood using the CAS model, with their levels of autonomy and independence from politics, the element of self-organization is roughly similar in CAS vis-à-vis public agencies.