Abstract
This chapter explores the multifaceted realm of alliances within the international business landscape. It starts with an examination of international alliances and scrutinises how alliances serve as pivotal vehicles for global expansion. It also discusses the relationship between alliances and international companies, unravelling the dynamics underpinning successful collaborations globally. The chapter introduces a managerial reference model clarifying the rationale behind forming alliances by considering some strategic imperatives. It deals with challenges and complexities in cooperation strategies for international expansion, highlighting natural difficulties encountered in such endeavours. Further sections explore the system of international competencies necessary for building and forging effective alliances by explaining how alliances offer organisational alternatives and learning potentials. Lastly, it examines alliance strategies in the context of digitalisation and Industry 4.0, highlighting their evolving significance in a technologically advancing world.