Development of the Five-Factor Holistic Ethical Leadership Questionnaire

Abstract

The authors present three studies that develop the five-scale measurement for holistic ethical leadership questionnaire. Study 1 reports the scale development process using predominately non-Western participants. Study 2 tests the five-scale instrument for convergent and discriminant validity as well as test-retest reliability using a subset of the sample who participated in Study 1. Study 3 used a sample of USA residents for confirmatory factor analysis from which a single factor emerged to measure holistic ethical leadership. The authors concluded that the five-scale instrument should be used when measuring non-Western participants and the single-scale should be used when measuring USA residents. The authors recommended follow-up research using qualitative methods to better understand the reasons why the single-scale measure works well with USA residents.