In recent years, with the widespread application of medical images, the rapid and accurate identification of these regions of interest in a large number of medical images has received widespread attention. This article provides a review of medical image segmentation methods based on deep learning. Firstly, an overview of medical image segmentation methods was provided in the relevant knowledge, segmentation types, segmentation processes, and image processing applications. Secondly, the applications of supervised, semi supervised, and unsupervised methods in medical image segmentation were discussed, and their advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios were revealed through the application of a large number of specific segmentation examples in practical scenarios. Finally, the commonly used medical image segmentation datasets and evaluation indicators were introduced, and the current medical image segmentation methods were summarized and prospected. This review provides a comprehensive and in-depth understanding for researchers in the field of medical image segmentation, and provides valuable references for the design and implementation of future related work.