Behavioral/Nonpharmacological Approaches to Addressing Cognitive-Linguistic Symptoms in Individuals With Dementia

Abstract

Despite current barriers to developing and implementing nonpharmacological or behavioral cognitive-linguistic treatments for dementia, a growing evidence base indicates that individuals with dementia may indeed benefit from a range of nonpharmacological intervention approaches in terms of helping them maintain and/or improve their language and cognitive abilities as well as general functioning and emotional well being. With respect to the current dementia literature, this article describes restorative and compensatory approaches for cognitive symptoms, including direct stimulation of cognitive functions and internal and external strategies to maximize use of residual cognitive skills. We also summarize various language treatment techniques designed to address word retrieval deficits or functional communication issues in a range of dementia types and severity. Broader stimulation approaches such as Montessori-based treatment, reminiscence therapy, and exercise/movement therapy are also reviewed given their potential to benefit not only the cognitive-linguistic symptoms of individuals with dementia, but also other aspects of physical, emotional, and behavioral functioning. Last, we conclude by highlighting limitations in the current research literature along with factors to consider for maximizing nonpharmacological treatment effects (i.e., generalization and maintenance of treatment gains) in clinical or research settings.