Development of Mandarin Lexical Tone Identification in Noise and Its Relation With Working Memory

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the developmental trajectory of Mandarin tone identification in quiet and two noisy conditions: speech-shaped noise (SSN) and multitalker babble noise. In addition, we evaluated the relationship between tonal identification development and working memory capacity. Method: Ninety-three typically developing children aged 5–8 years and 23 young adults completed categorical identification of two tonal continua (Tone 1–4 and Tone 2–3) in quiet, SSN, and babble noise. Their working memory was additionally measured using auditory digit span tests. Correlation analyses between digit span scores and boundary widths were performed. Results: Six-year-old children have achieved the adultlike ability of categorical identification of Tone 1–4 continuum under both types of noise. Moreover, 6-year-old children could identify Tone 2–3 continuum as well as adults in SSN. Nonetheless, the child participants, even 8-year-olds, performed worse when tokens from Tone 2–3 continuum were masked by babble noise. Greater working memory capacity was associated with better tone identification in noise for preschoolers aged 5–6 years; however, for school-age children aged 7–8 years, such correlation only existed in Tone 2–3 continuum in SSN. Conclusions: Lexical tone perception might take a prolonged time to achieve adultlike competence in babble noise relative to SSN. Moreover, a significant interaction between masking type and stimulus difficulty was found, as indicated by Tone 2–3 being more susceptible to interference from babble noise than Tone 1–4. Furthermore, correlations between working memory capacity and tone perception in noise varied with developmental stage, stimulus difficulty, and masking type.