A Mixed Methods Study of Hearing Loss, Communication, and Social Engagement in a Group Care Setting for Older Adults

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the communication needs of older adults in group care environments and understand the factors that foster engaged communication. Method: This mixed methods study provides an in-depth analysis of communication and engagement for older adults at two Program for All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) sites. Seventy-two PACE participants ( M age = 74 years) completed a hearing test, cognitive screener (Memory Orientation Screening Test [MOST]), the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Measures of Social and Behavioral Determinants of Health Questionnaire, and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. Using maximum variation sampling based on hearing status and UCLA Loneliness scores, 19 participants were invited to do (and 11 participants completed) one-on-one semistructured interviews. In addition, 35 staff members participated in five focus groups. Field observations were interspersed throughout the data collection period. Results: Results suggest that communication challenges such as hearing loss, cognitive decline, and social isolation are highly prevalent in this convenience sample. Sixty-seven percent have at least a mild hearing loss in the better hearing ear. Eighty-two percent scored in the “very” or “most isolated” range of the IOM Measures of Social and Behavioral Determinants of Health questionnaire. The mean score on the MOST cognitive screener was 17.6, which is below the dementia screening cutoff score of 18 points. A thematic analysis of the qualitative data suggests that the PACE programs support socialization and engagement. A conceptual framework was developed by integrating quantitative and qualitative findings to recognize what contributes to meaningful interactions or engaged communication. Conclusions: Identifying communication challenges can enhance the benefits individuals can experience at care facilities and lessen the burden of the staff members trying to provide safe and effective care. In order to maximize the potential benefit of attending group-based day centers, the communication challenges and motivations of older adults need to be addressed.