Fostering Positive Stuttering Identities Using Stutter-Affirming Therapy

Abstract

Purpose: School-age children and adolescents frequently have difficulty developing positive identities around their stuttering. Many students experience both physical and social consequences from stuttering. The great lengths that speakers go to try to hide their stuttering and to speak fluently increase their difficulty. As long as school-age children who stutter try to identify as fluent speakers, they will have difficulty lessening the negative impact of stuttering on their lives. Fortunately, many people who stutter also report positive stuttering experiences. Speech-language pathologists can use these positive experiences to help school-age children grow more comfortable with stuttering. They can also help school-age children reduce some of the speaking effort and social stigma that leads them to try to conceal their stuttering in the first place. To accomplish both these goals, I propose a stutter-affirming therapy. Method: This clinical focus article summarizes previous research about identity development in stuttering. I discuss a therapy approach I call stutter-affirming therapy. In elucidating this approach, I discuss practical ways that speech-language pathologists can use to help school-age children develop positive stuttering identities through easier speaking and stuttering. I ground these examples in a case study of a 12-year-old boy who stutters. Discussion: stutter-affirming therapy focuses on conditioning the speaker's reaction to stuttering in ways that move toward and embrace stuttering (stutterphilic reactions) rather than in ways that move away from and reject stuttering (stutterphobic reactions). Speech-language pathologists can help school-age children who stutter foster positive stuttering identities using the three priorities of stutter-affirming therapy. First, reject fluency by reducing stutterphobic and increasing stutterphilic reactions to stuttering. Second, value stuttering by discovering what speakers gain from it. Third, create an environment in which it is easier to stutter through education, advocacy, disclosure, and voluntary stuttering.