Prophylaxis in Kidney Transplantation

Abstract

Kidney transplantation is the gold standard treatment for end-stage renal disease, improving survival and quality of life compared to dialysis. However, the use of immunosuppressive therapy to prevent allograft rejection renders recipients vulnerable to infections, a major concern in the posttransplant period. Prophylaxis strategies are indispensable in minimizing infectious risks and optimizing patient outcomes. This narrative review synthesizes current prophylaxis strategies across pretransplant, peritransplant, and posttransplant phases, providing a comprehensive overview of indications, timing, dosing, and adverse effects. Pretransplant prophylaxis involves thorough screening for infections, updating immunization status, and managing latent infections. Peritransplant prophylaxis focuses on tailored antimicrobial approaches to mitigate surgical and donor-related infection risks during the perioperative period. Posttransplant prophylaxis is a crucial component against opportunistic infections, particularly focusing on preventing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus infection. This discussion encompasses the nuances of prophylactic regimens, highlighting the efficacy and challenges associated with the agents available and used in clinical practice. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of prophylaxis in minimizing infectious risks and optimizing outcomes in kidney transplant recipients, advocating for a proactive and multifaceted approach to infectious disease management in the transplant setting.