Advancements in Vaccine Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Vaccine drug delivery systems have undergone significant advancements, revolutionizing the landscape of preventive medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various types of vaccine delivery systems, highlighting their mechanisms, advantages, and applications. Traditional vaccine administration methods, such as intramuscular and subcutaneous injections, are being supplemented by novel approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, and patient compliance. These include nanoparticle-based carriers, liposomes, microneedle patches, mucosal delivery systems, and DNA/RNA-based vaccines. Each delivery platform offers distinct advantages, such as targeted antigen delivery, controlled release kinetics, enhanced immunogenicity, and needle-free administration. Moreover, the emergence of mRNA vaccines has garnered significant attention for their potential to rapidly respond to emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, the integration of adjuvants and immunomodulatory agents further enhances the immune response, paving the way for next-generation vaccines. Understanding the diverse landscape of vaccine delivery systems is crucial for optimizing immunization strategies, overcoming existing challenges, and combating infectious diseases more effectively in the future.