A Comprehensive Review on Energy Balancing and Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a vital role in various applications ranging from environmental monitoring to industrial automation. One of the key challenges in WSNs is the limited energy resources of sensor nodes, which necessitates the development of energy-efficient routing and clustering protocols to prolong network lifetime and ensure reliable data transmission. This literature review provides an extensive overview of recent research efforts in energy-efficient routing and clustering techniques for WSNs. The review covers a wide range of algorithms, including optimization-based, machine learning-based, hybrid, and protocol-based approaches. Additionally, it discusses the challenges faced in designing energy-efficient WSNs, identifies research gaps, outlines objectives, proposes future research directions, and concludes with insights into the current state and future prospects of energy-efficient WSNs