Mechanisms of Action and Safety of Exercise in Patients with Epilepsy (Review)

Abstract

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a common form of genetic generalized epilepsy. The patients’ intellect and physical development are not affected. However, epilepsy is characterized by a high level of social stigmatization. This is the reason for unjustified restrictions and low physical activity of patients. The review examines the mechanisms of action of exercise on the brain in epilepsy, including the benefits of exercise for preventing seizures. Physical activity in epilepsy provides mechanisms for protecting neurons associated with biochemical and structural changes, including the release of β-endorphins and neurosteroids, which can have an inhibitory effecton the occurrence of abnormal (paroxysmal) electrical activity in the brain. Epileptiform activity on the electroencephalogram may decrease or disappear during exercise, which may reduce the risk of recurrent epileptic seizures. Although exercise can cause epileptic seizures in some patients, the risk is less than 2–10% or lower in JME. Rehabilitation programs that promote exercise in adolescents andyoung patients with epilepsy should aim to improve their physical, psychological, and social well-being.