1. Doctoral Program in Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba: 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
2. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
3. Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
4. Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Japan
5. Faculty of Social Welfare, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Japan
6. Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
7. Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan