Homogenous M13 bacteriophage quantification assay using switchable lanthanide fluorescence probes

Abstract

We have developed a rapid and reliable bacteriophage quantification method based on measurement of phage single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) using switchable lanthanide chelate complementation probes. One oligonucleotide probe contains a non-fluorescent lanthanide ion carrier chelate and another probe is labeled with a light absorbing antenna ligand. Hybridization of the non-fluorescent complementation probes in adjacent positions on the released bacteriophage ssDNA leads to high local concentrations of the lanthanide ion carrier chelate and the antenna ligand, inducing formation of a fluorescent lanthanide chelate complex. This method enables monitoring of bacteriophage titers in a 20 min assay with a dynamic range of 109–1012 cfu/mL in a microtiter well format. While designed for titering filamentous bacteriophage used in phage display, our method also could be implemented in virological research as a tool to analyze ssDNA virus reproduction.