1. Earlier versions of this article were presented at the College Art Association Annual Conference and Yale University's Modern South Asia Workshop. I wish to thank the organizers of those events and the participants for their engagement. I am also indebted to Swati Chattopadhyay, Keith Eggener, Nuha Khoury, Patricia Morton, Sudipta Sen, and the anonymous reviewer for JSAH for their very helpful comments and suggestions. The staff at the British Library deserves special thanks for their assistance with research materials and the images appearing in this article.
2. On the Mughal judicial system, see Niharkana Majumdar, Justice and Police in Bengal, 1765–1793: A Study of the Nizamt in Decline (Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1960).
3. Even as late as 1919, jail officials from India traveled to Britain and the United States to inspect metropolitan prisons and bring back ideas for the colony. IOR/L/PARL/2/4074, Report of Indian Jails Committee, 1919–1920, vol. 1 (Simla: Government Central Press, 1920), 25–28. (All citations of IOR refer to the India Office Records held in the Asia Pacific & Africa Collections [formerly Oriental and India Office Collections], British Library, London.)
4. On the connection between Western prison architecture and moral reformation, see Dell Upton, Another City: Urban Life and Urban Spaces in the New American Republic (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press 2008); Robin Evans, The Fabrication of Virtue: English Prison Architecture, 1750–1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
5. Ranajit Guha, Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).