1. I would like thank Patricia Morton and an anonymous reviewer for their insightful comments on early drafts of the text. The research presented in this article was supported by grants from Wellcome Trust in Medical History and Humanities and DAAD (German Academic Exchange).
2. Kiesler is cited in Anthony Vidler, “The b-b-b-Body: Block, Blob, Blur,” in The Body in Architecture, ed. Deborah Hauptmann (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2006), 134.
3. Pettenkofer's contemporaries described him as “the father of experimental hygiene.” F. Erismann, Max von Pettenkofer: Ein Lebensbild (Leipzig: Georg Thieme, 1901), 12.
4. See Caroline van Eck, Organicism in Nineteenth-Century Architecture: An Inquiry into Its Theoretical and Philosophical Background (Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura Press, 1994), 214–55.
5. On Pettenkofer's life, see Erismann, Max von Pettenkofer; Alfred Beyer, Max von Pettenkofer (Berlin: Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, 1956); H. Breyer, Max von Pettenkofer: Arzt im Vorfeld der Krankheit (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1981); Karl Wieninger, Max von Pettenkofer: Das Leben eines Wohltäters (Munich: Hugendubel, 1987); Martin Weyer-von Schoultz, Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901): Die Entstehung der modernen Hygiene aus den empirischen Studien menschlicher Lebensgrundlagen (Frankfurt: Lang, 2006).