1. Monica Lewinsky, “The Price of Shame,” TED Talks (2015), transcript available at http://www.ted.com/talks/monica_lewinsky_the_price_of_shame/transcript?language=en.
2. Tony Hoagland, “Poor Britney Spears,” American Poetry Review 38 (2009): 47.
3. See Eliana Dockterman, “Listen to Britney Spears Singing ‘Alien’ Without Autotune,” TIME (9 July 2014), http://time.com/2969757/britney-spears-alien-autotune. Video accessible at “Alien NO AUTOTUNE Britney Spears FULL,” YouTube (10 July 2014), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUdKrtsrCBI. “Alien” was the first track on Spears’s eighth studio album, Britney Jean (2013).
4. On controversies over Auto-Tune, vocoders, and other voice-altering technologies, see William Cheng, Sound Play: Video Games and the Musical Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 123-28
5. Mark Katz, Capturing Sound: How Technology Has Changed Music, revised edition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 50-52