The introduction argues that recent discussion of ethnic and racial inequality in Peru has largely overlooked gender differences, an absence this book seeks to redress. The author contends that a critical feminist perspective is essential to contend with complex social realities, past and present. This reconsideration reveals the strengths in Andean women’s “traditional” social position and the new purchase in being female and Andean, though these women are subject nonetheless to subtle and durable forms of discrimination in contemporary Peru. Frameworks examined range from the analytic of gender complementarity (positing balanced male-female roles) to theories of production and reproduction (as aspects of women’s work) and to intersectionality and decolonial feminism. Babb takes a self-critical perspective on her past work and then turns to consider how earlier research and writing might be understood anew in light of the approach she is setting forth. Drawing together discussions of race and of gender, she provides a fuller and more accurate understanding of interwoven inequalities in Peru.