1. *Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics, LE11 3TU, UK; and Centre for the History of Medicine, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
2. We wish to express our gratitude to Dr Hubertus van der Aa for facilitating a visit to the archives of the CBS at Baarn, and Bernhard and Wolfgang Kimmig for the gift of their father's biography.
3. The following abbreviations are used: FP, Florey Papers, 98HF, Royal Society of London; PRO, Public Record Office, Kew.
4. HSPS, Volume 32, Part 2, pages 347-367. ISSN 0890-9997. c2002 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Send requests for permission to reprint to Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223.
5. 1 Ernst Chain, Howard W. Florey, Arthur D. Gardner, Norman G. Heatley, Margaret A.