Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Tropospheric ozone from 1877 to 2016, observed levels, trends and uncertainties

Author:

Tarasick David1ORCID,Galbally Ian E.23,Cooper Owen R.45,Schultz Martin G.6,Ancellet Gerard7,Leblanc Thierry8,Wallington Timothy J.9,Ziemke Jerry10,Liu Xiong11,Steinbacher Martin12,Staehelin Johannes13,Vigouroux Corinne14,Hannigan James W.15,García Omaira16,Foret Gilles17,Zanis Prodromos18,Weatherhead Elizabeth45,Petropavlovskikh Irina45,Worden Helen15,Osman Mohammed192021,Liu Jane2223,Chang Kai-Lan45,Gaudel Audrey45,Lin Meiyun2425,Granados-Muñoz Maria26,Thompson Anne M.10,Oltmans Samuel J.27,Cuesta Juan17,Dufour Gaelle17,Thouret Valerie28,Hassler Birgit29,Trickl Thomas30,Neu Jessica L.31

Affiliation:

1. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, ON, CA

2. Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, VIC, AU

3. Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, AU

4. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, US

5. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, US

6. Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, DE

7. LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, FR

8. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Table Mountain Facility, Wrightwood, CA, US

9. Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan, US

10. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, US

11. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US

12. Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, CH

13. Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zürich, CH

14. Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Brussels, BE

15. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, US

16. Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Izana Atmospheric Research Centre, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, ES

17. Laboratoire Inter-universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, Universités Paris-Est Créteil et Paris, Diderot, CNRS, Créteil, FR

18. Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR

19. Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, The University of Oklahoma, US

20. NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, US

21. Enable Midstream Partners, Headquarters, Oklahoma City, US

22. Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, CA

23. School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, CN

24. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, US

25. NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab, Princeton, New Jersey, US

26. Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSLAB), Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, ES

27. Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, US

28. Laboratoire d’aérologie, CNRS UMR 5560, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénée, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, FR

29. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Earth System Modelling, Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling, DE

30. Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DE

31. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, US

Abstract

From the earliest observations of ozone in the lower atmosphere in the 19th century, both measurement methods and the portion of the globe observed have evolved and changed. These methods have different uncertainties and biases, and the data records differ with respect to coverage (space and time), information content, and representativeness. In this study, various ozone measurement methods and ozone datasets are reviewed and selected for inclusion in the historical record of background ozone levels, based on relationship of the measurement technique to the modern UV absorption standard, absence of interfering pollutants, representativeness of the well-mixed boundary layer and expert judgement of their credibility. There are significant uncertainties with the 19th and early 20th-century measurements related to interference of other gases. Spectroscopic methods applied before 1960 have likely underestimated ozone by as much as 11% at the surface and by about 24% in the free troposphere, due to the use of differing ozone absorption coefficients. There is no unambiguous evidence in the measurement record back to 1896 that typical mid-latitude background surface ozone values were below about 20 nmol mol–1, but there is robust evidence for increases in the temperate and polar regions of the northern hemisphere of 30–70%, with large uncertainty, between the period of historic observations, 1896–1975, and the modern period (1990–2014). Independent historical observations from balloons and aircraft indicate similar changes in the free troposphere. Changes in the southern hemisphere are much less. Regional representativeness of the available observations remains a potential source of large errors, which are difficult to quantify. The great majority of validation and intercomparison studies of free tropospheric ozone measurement methods use ECC ozonesondes as reference. Compared to UV-absorption measurements they show a modest (~1–5% ±5%) high bias in the troposphere, but no evidence of a change with time. Umkehr, lidar, and FTIR methods all show modest low biases relative to ECCs, and so, using ECC sondes as a transfer standard, all appear to agree to within one standard deviation with the modern UV-absorption standard. Other sonde types show an increase of 5–20% in sensitivity to tropospheric ozone from 1970–1995. Biases and standard deviations of satellite retrieval comparisons are often 2–3 times larger than those of other free tropospheric measurements. The lack of information on temporal changes of bias for satellite measurements of tropospheric ozone is an area of concern for long-term trend studies.

Publisher

University of California Press

Subject

Atmospheric Science,Geology,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology,Ecology,Environmental Engineering,Oceanography

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