Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Present-day ozone distribution and trends relevant to human health

Author:

Fleming Zoë L.1ORCID,Doherty Ruth M.2,von Schneidemesser Erika3,Malley Christopher S.456,Cooper Owen R.78,Pinto Joseph P.9,Colette Augustin10,Xu Xiaobin11,Simpson David1213,Schultz Martin G.1415,Lefohn Allen S.16,Hamad Samera17,Moolla Raeesa18,Solberg Sverre19,Feng Zhaozhong20

Affiliation:

1. National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, UK

2. School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK

3. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam, DE

4. Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, York, UK

5. School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

6. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK

7. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US

8. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, US

9. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US

10. INERIS: Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, FR

11. Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, CN

12. EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, NO

13. Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers Univ. Technology, Gothenburg, SE

14. Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, DE

15. Now at Jülich Supercomputing Center, Forschungszentrum Jülich, DE

16. A.S.L. and Associates, Helena, MT, US

17. The University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, US

18. School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, ZA

19. Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, NO

20. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CN

Abstract

This study quantifies the present-day global and regional distributions (2010–2014) and trends (2000–2014) for five ozone metrics relevant for short-term and long-term human exposure. These metrics, calculated by the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report, are: 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone (4MDA8); number of days with MDA8 > 70 ppb (NDGT70), SOMO35 (annual Sum of Ozone Means Over 35 ppb) and two seasonally averaged metrics (3MMDA1; AVGMDA8). These metrics were explored at ozone monitoring sites worldwide, which were classified as urban or non-urban based on population and nighttime lights data. Present-day distributions of 4MDA8 and NDGT70, determined predominantly by peak values, are similar with highest levels in western North America, southern Europe and East Asia. For the other three metrics, distributions are similar with North–South gradients more prominent across Europe and Japan. Between 2000 and 2014, significant negative trends in 4MDA8 and NDGT70 occur at most US and some European sites. In contrast, significant positive trends are found at many sites in South Korea and Hong Kong, with mixed trends across Japan. The other three metrics have similar, negative trends for many non-urban North American and some European and Japanese sites, and positive trends across much of East Asia. Globally, metrics at many sites exhibit non-significant trends. At 59% of all sites there is a common direction and significance in the trend across all five metrics, whilst 4MDA8 and NDGT70 have a common trend at ~80% of all sites. Sensitivity analysis shows AVGMDA8 trends differ with averaging period (warm season or annual). Trends are unchanged at many sites when a 1995–2014 period is used; although fewer sites exhibit non-significant trends. Over the longer period 1970–2014, most Japanese sites exhibit positive 4MDA8/SOMO35 trends. Insufficient data exist to characterize ozone trends for the rest of Asia and other world regions.

Publisher

University of California Press

Subject

Atmospheric Science,Geology,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology,Ecology,Environmental Engineering,Oceanography

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