Polar oceans and sea ice in a changing climate
Author:
Willis Megan D.12ORCID, Lannuzel Delphine342ORCID, Else Brent52ORCID, Angot Hélène6ORCID, Campbell Karley7ORCID, Crabeck Odile89, Delille Bruno8ORCID, Hayashida Hakase410ORCID, Lizotte Martine11ORCID, Loose Brice12ORCID, Meiners Klaus M.31314ORCID, Miller Lisa15ORCID, Moreau Sebastien16ORCID, Nomura Daiki17ORCID, Prytherch John18ORCID, Schmale Julia19ORCID, Steiner Nadja15ORCID, Tedesco Letizia20ORCID, Thomas Jennie6ORCID
Affiliation:
1. 1Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 2. †These authors contributed equally to the work. 3. 2Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 4. 3Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 5. 4Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 6. 5University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France 7. 6Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway 8. 7Chemical Oceanography Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium 9. 8Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium 10. 9Application Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan 11. 10Takuvik International Research Laboratory (IRL3376), Université Laval–CNRS; Département de Biologie et Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada 12. 11Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA 13. 12Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia 14. 13Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 15. 14Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada 16. 15Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway 17. 16School of Fisheries Sciences & Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan 18. 17Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 19. 18Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland 20. 19Marine and Freshwater Solutions Unit, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Abstract
Polar oceans and sea ice cover 15% of the Earth’s ocean surface, and the environment is changing rapidly at both poles. Improving knowledge on the interactions between the atmospheric and oceanic realms in the polar regions, a Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) project key focus, is essential to understanding the Earth system in the context of climate change. However, our ability to monitor the pace and magnitude of changes in the polar regions and evaluate their impacts for the rest of the globe is limited by both remoteness and sea-ice coverage. Sea ice not only supports biological activity and mediates gas and aerosol exchange but can also hinder some in-situ and remote sensing observations. While satellite remote sensing provides the baseline climate record for sea-ice properties and extent, these techniques cannot provide key variables within and below sea ice. Recent robotics, modeling, and in-situ measurement advances have opened new possibilities for understanding the ocean–sea ice–atmosphere system, but critical knowledge gaps remain. Seasonal and long-term observations are clearly lacking across all variables and phases. Observational and modeling efforts across the sea-ice, ocean, and atmospheric domains must be better linked to achieve a system-level understanding of polar ocean and sea-ice environments. As polar oceans are warming and sea ice is becoming thinner and more ephemeral than before, dramatic changes over a suite of physicochemical and biogeochemical processes are expected, if not already underway. These changes in sea-ice and ocean conditions will affect atmospheric processes by modifying the production of aerosols, aerosol precursors, reactive halogens and oxidants, and the exchange of greenhouse gases. Quantifying which processes will be enhanced or reduced by climate change calls for tailored monitoring programs for high-latitude ocean environments. Open questions in this coupled system will be best resolved by leveraging ongoing international and multidisciplinary programs, such as efforts led by SOLAS, to link research across the ocean–sea ice–atmosphere interface.
Publisher
University of California Press
Subject
Atmospheric Science,Geology,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology,Ecology,Environmental Engineering,Oceanography
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