1. 1 My thanks to William Drabkin and Matthew Head for their comments on a draft of this article; I have appropriated several of their suggestions without further acknowledgment. J. Merrill Knapp, "Beethoven's Mass in C Major, Op. 86," in Beethoven Essays: Studies in Honor of Elliot Forbes, ed. Lewis Lockwood and Phyllis Benjamin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Department of Music, 1984), p. 199 (pp. 199-216).
2. 2 Maynard Solomon, Beethoven (London: Macmillan, 1977), p. 222.
3. 3 William Kinderman, Beethoven (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 2.
4. 4 A. E. F. Dickinson, Beethoven (London: Thomas Nelson, 1941), p. 176; the references are to Ernest Walker and Paul Bekker.
5. 5 J. W. N. Sullivan, Beethoven: His Spiritual Development (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927), p. 197.