1. Laura M. Luehrmann is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A. The author wishes to thank Kevin J. O'Brien, Zhu Guanglei, Elizabeth Brads, Carol Engelhardt, Laura Leming, Lianjiang Li, and an anonymous reviewer for assistance with this project and article. Email: .
2. Asian Survey, 43:5, pp. 845-866. ISSN: 0004-4687 R ??? 2003 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Send Requests for Permission to Reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223.
3. 1 Yutang Lin, A History of the Press and Public Opinion in China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), pp. 59-60.
4. 2 See Han Wuyan, "Zhongnanhai qinxi yiwan renmin" [Zhongnanhai is affectionately linked with millions upon millions of people], Liaowang [Outlook]11 (1996), p. 7.
5. does not involve the selection of office holders, does not include public demonstrations of political strength, and does not require the formation and maintenance of ties among claimants, whether through political parties, interest groups, or other political associations.4