1. Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
2. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
3. First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; and
4. Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania