1. Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and
2. Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
3. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
4. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and
5. Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
6. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and
7. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
8. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
9. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
10. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
11. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
12. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
13. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
14. Institute for Advanced Organ Disease and Transplantation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
15. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
16. Department of Medicine and
17. Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
18. Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania