1. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
2. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China
3. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, China
4. Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
5. Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom