1. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
2. Department of Anesthesia, and
3. Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
4. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
5. Magill Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
6. Respiratory Care Services, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California