1. The Pulmonary Center, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
2. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and
3. Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany;
4. Department of Medicine and
5. Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
6. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
7. Department of Cardiology and Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts;
8. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
9. The University of Maryland-Institute for Health Computing, Bethesda, Maryland