1. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
2. Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom;
3. School of Aging and Chronic Disease and
4. Thoracic Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom;
5. Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
6. Department of Health Data Science,
7. Respiratory Medicine,
8. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom;
9. University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, United Kingdom