1. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
2. Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
3. Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, United Kingdom;
4. Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health and
5. Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;
6. University of Edinburgh Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
7. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
8. ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
9. Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York