1. Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
2. Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine and
3. Lungpacer Medical Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
4. Center for Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
5. Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy;
6. Anesthesia and Critical Care, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; and
7. Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
8. Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada