1. Institute of Ecological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China;
2. Medical Innovation, Value Evidence and Outcomes, and
3. Human Genetics, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania;
4. Department of Respiratory Sciences, Institute for Lung Health, Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom;
5. Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;
6. Institute of Statistics and Big Data, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China;
7. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Foundation, Research Department, Washington, District of Columbia;
8. Respiratory Medicine Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
9. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
10. National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom