PDMS-polyimide transcutaneous blood gas collector with self-folding out-of-plane heater elements

Abstract

Abstract This paper introduces and evaluates a novel, highly scalable fabrication technique for folding flexible printed circuit board (PCB) features into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The technique is then used to create fast and effective skin-heaters in a prototype gas collector for transcutaneous blood gas monitoring (TBM), a well-established technique to non-invasively measure the amount of CO2 and O2 in a patient’s blood. Previous studies have shown that TBM can be made safer by heating the patient’s skin with short pulses rather than continuously. Hence, the effects of incorporating a resistive heater with folded heating elements into a PDMS gas collector was investigated and compared to a heater with surface mounted heating elements. The results show that the fabrication technique provides consistent, controllable folding angles using only the surface and viscous forces of the flexible PCB and PDMS. With the investigated design- and material parameters a maximum folding angle of 30° was achieved, resulting in a 2000% increase in initial surface heating compared to an un-folded reference. For the intended application, this corresponds to reducing the time needed to heat the skin of a patient to less than half. The presented fabrication technique is, however, not limited to the application investigated in this paper, but rather offers the possibility to quickly and automatically fold complex structures and circuits into the bulk of the PDMS without introducing any time overhead as the number of features and folds grow.