Notes about the macroscopic fluctuating theory

Abstract

Abstract The macroscopic fluctuating theory developed during the last 30 years is applied to generic systems described by continuum fields ϕ(x, t) that evolve by a Langevin equation that locally either conserves or does not conserve the field. This paper aims to review well-known basic concepts and results from a pedagogical point of view by following a general framework in a practical and self-consistent way. From the probability of a path, we study the general properties of the system’s stationary state. In particular, we focus on the study of the quasipotential that defines the stationary distribution at the small noise limit. To discriminate between equilibrium and non-equilibrium stationary states, the system’s adjoint dynamics are defined as the system’s time-reversal Markov process. The equilibrium is then defined as the unique stationary state that is dynamically time-reversible, and therefore its adjoint dynamics are equal to those of the original one. This property is confronted with the macroscopic reversibility that occurs when the most probable path to create a fluctuation from the stationary state is equal to the time-reversed path that relaxes it. The lack of this symmetry implies a nonequilibrium stationary state; however, the converse is not true. Finally, we extensively study the two-body correlations at the stationary state. We derive some generic properties at various situations, including a discussion about the equivalence of ensembles in nonequilibrium systems.