Integrated optical electric field sensors: humidity stability mechanisms and packaging scheme

Abstract

Abstract Integrated optical electric field sensors (IOES) play a crucial role in electric field measurement. This paper introduces the principles of the IOES and quantitatively evaluates the impact of humidity on measurement accuracy. Sensors with different levels of hydrophobicity coatings and hygroscopicity shells are fabricated and tested across the relative humidity (RH) range of 25%–95%. Results reveal that humidity stability is primarily influenced by water vapor absorption through the sensor shell, which increases its conductivity. This further results in amplitude deviation and phase shift of the sensor output. To address this, an optimal humidity-stable packaging scheme is proposed, which involves using PEEK shell with room temperature vulcanized fluorinated silicone rubber coating. Compared with uncoated ceramic shell, the phase shift of the IOES reduces from 90∘ to 1∘ under a RH of 90%. The amplitude deviation of electric field measurement decreases from 20% to nearly zero after a 20 h humidity experiment conducted under RH of 90% at 30 ∘C. The proposed packaging scheme could be used to improve the humidity stability of the sensors deployed in outdoor environments, especially on ships and coastal areas.