Evaporation characteristics of ethanol droplet in different gases under force convection condition

Abstract

Abstract Ethanol is recognized as one of the finest alternative bio-fuels due to its natural characteristics. Fundamental studies on ethanol droplet evaporation process are mainly either in stagnant environment or using some semi-empirical co-relations. Here, a fully numerical model based on the first principle is solved to investigate the effects of various atmospheric gases (Ar, N2, O2 and CO2) on droplet evaporation phenomenon under force convective situation. Two-dimensional governing equations of species, momentum and energy transfer of spherical coordinate system are solved, and the simulation is validated quantitatively with the literature. Uniform convective strength (Re = 100) is maintained for all cases examined at T∞ = 500 K and P∞ = 0.1 MPa. From the simulation results, it is observed that the viscosity ratio (liquid to gas) has effect on droplet life time. The ethanol droplet life time increases in less viscous atmospheric gases. The ethanol droplet life time is shorter in Ar gas, but heat-up period, wet-bulb temperature, and the surface blowing effect are higher in Ar compared to other atmospheric gases. The heat-up periods of the ethanol droplet in Ar, CO2, N2 and O2 atmosphere occupy around 30%, 20%, 17% and 16.5% of the total life time of the droplet, respectively. It is also noticed that, the heat-up period increases with increase in the thermal conductivity ratio (liquid to gas) and vice versa. Furthermore, the flow pattern of both gas- and liquid-phase in terms of streamline and the internal temperature distributions of the droplet are visualized at various time instants.